Avocado - Wikipedia. Avocado. Temporal range: 1. Commercially, they ripen after harvesting. Avocado trees are partially self- pollinating and are often propagated through grafting to maintain a predictable quality and quantity of the fruit. History. Native Oaxacacriollo avocados, the ancestral form of today's domesticated varieties. Persea americana, or the avocado, is believed to have originated in the state of Puebla, Mexico. Indian healthy diet food recipes for weight reduction. Here is a huge collection of low fat, low carb and high fiber recipes which will help you lose your extra weight. According to botanists (those who study plants) a fruit is the part of the plant that develops from a flower. It's also the section of the plant that contains the. Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men. Dariush Mozaffarian, M.D., Dr.P.H., Tao Hao, M.P.H., Eric B. The avocado tree also has a long history of cultivation in Central and South America, likely beginning as early as 5,0. BC. The plant was introduced to Indonesia in 1. Brazil in 1. 80. 9, South Africa and Australia in the late 1. A Healthy Low Cholesterol Diet Plan in 15 Easy Steps.Levant in 1. 90. 8. Etymology. The word . The earliest known written use in English is attested from 1. French uses avocat, which also means lawyer, and . In Portuguese, it is abacate. The fruit is sometimes called an avocado pear or alligator pear (due to its shape and the rough green skin of some cultivars). In Taiwan, it is known as lu. The flowers are inconspicuous, greenish- yellow, 5. The pear- shaped fruit is 7. High winds reduce the humidity, dehydrate the flowers, and affect pollination. When even a mild frost occurs, premature fruit drop may occur, although the 'Hass' cultivar can tolerate temperatures down to . The trees also need well- aerated soils, ideally more than 1 m deep. Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Retinol Activity Equivalent (RAE) Ratios for Preformed Vitamin A and Provitamin A Carotenoids; Quantity Consumed Quantity Bioconverted to Retinol. Fruit & Veggie Info To receive the latest news on nutrition, fitness, wellness and diet along with recipes and product info direct to your inbox, sign up for our FREE award winning. Yield is reduced when the irrigation water is highly saline. These soil and climate conditions are available in southern and eastern Spain, Portugal, Morocco, Crete, the Levant, South Africa, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, parts of central and northern Chile, Vietnam, Indonesia, parts of southern India, Sri Lanka, Australia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Malaysia, Central America, the Caribbean, Mexico, California, Arizona, Puerto Rico, Texas, Florida, Hawaii, Ecuador, and Rwanda. Each region has different cultivars. Harvest and postharvest. Fruit custard is one of the easiest dessert and also very tasty and healthy. Kids will love this and it is a nice way to sneak fruits in their diet. Commercial orchards produce an average of seven tonnes per hectare each year, with some orchards achieving 2. The avocado tree does not tolerate freezing temperatures, and can be grown only in subtropical or tropical climates. Several cold- hardy varieties are planted in the region of Gainesville, Florida, which survive temperatures as low as . Avocados used in commerce are picked hard and green and kept in coolers at 3. Avocados must be mature to ripen properly. Avocados that fall off the tree ripen on the ground. Generally, the fruit is picked once it reaches maturity; Mexican growers pick 'Hass' avocados when they have more than 2. Once picked, avocados ripen in one to two weeks (depending on the cultivar) at room temperature (faster if stored with other fruits such as apples or bananas, because of the influence of ethylene gas). Some supermarkets sell ripened avocados which have been treated with synthetic ethylene to hasten ripening. This limitation, added to the long juvenile period, makes the species difficult to breed. Most cultivars are propagated by grafting, having originated from random seedling plants or minor mutations derived from cultivars. Modern breeding programs tend to use isolation plots where the chances of cross- pollination are reduced. That is the case for programs at the University of California, Riverside, as well as the Volcani Centre and the Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias in Chile. The avocado is unusual in that the timing of the male and female flower phases differs among cultivars. The two flowering types are A and B. A cultivar flowers open as female on the morning of the first day and close in late morning or early afternoon. Then they open as male in the afternoon of the second day. B varieties open as female on the afternoon of the first day, close in late afternoon and reopen as male the following morning. A cultivars: 'Hass', 'Gwen', 'Lamb Hass', 'Pinkerton', 'Reed'B cultivars: 'Fuerte', 'Sharwil', 'Zutano', 'Bacon', 'Ettinger', 'Sir Prize', 'Walter Hole'. After a season with a low yield, due to factors such as cold (which the avocado does not tolerate well), the trees tend to produce abundantly the next season. In addition, due to environmental circumstances during some years, seedless avocados may appear on the trees. Prime quality varieties are therefore propagated by grafting to rootstocks that are propagated by seed (seedling rootstocks) or by layering (clonal rootstocks). After about a year of growing in a greenhouse, the young rootstocks are ready to be grafted. Terminal and lateral grafting is normally used. The scion cultivar grows for another 6. Clonal rootstocks are selected for tolerance of specific soil and disease conditions, such as poor soil aeration or resistance to the soil- borne disease (root rot) caused by Phytophthora. Growing indoors. Indoors, an avocado tree is usually grown from the pit of an avocado fruit. This is often done by removing the pit from a ripe, unrefrigerated avocado fruit. The pit is then stabbed with three or four toothpicks, about one- third of the way up from the flat end. The pit is placed in a jar or vase containing tepid water. It should split in four to six weeks and yield roots and a sprout. If there is no change by this time, the avocado pit is discarded. Once the stem has grown a few inches, it is placed in a pot with soil. It should be watered every few days. Avocados have been known to grow large, so owners must be ready to re- pot the plant several times. Diseases. P. Disease can affect all parts of the plant, causing spotting, rotting, cankers, pitting, and discoloration. They are reported to exact 2. Mexican pesos per hectare from avocado farmers and 1 to 3 pesos/kg of harvested fruit. About 5. 9,0. 00 acres (2. Avocado is the official fruit of the State of California. The soil is rich and sandy and the towering Andes mountains provide a constant flow of pure water for irrigation. Naturally sheltered as it is from heavy rain or freezing temperatures, Peru is an almost perfect climate for the cultivation of avocados. Hass Avocados from Peru are seasonally available to consumers from May through September and are promoted under the auspices of the Peruvian avocado Commission, headquartered in Washington, D. C. A cultivars'Choquette'. Avocado 'Choquette' grafted. A seedling from Miami, Florida. Today 'Choquette' is widely propagated in south Florida both for commercial growing and for home growing.'Gwen'A seedling bred from 'Hass' x 'Thille' in 1. Gwen' is higher yielding and more dwarfing than 'Hass' in California. The fruit has an oval shape, slightly smaller than 'Hass' (1. The skin texture is more finely pebbled than 'Hass', and is dull green when ripe. It is frost- hardy down to . It produces fruit year- round and accounts for 8. The flesh has a nutty, rich flavor with 1. A hybrid Guatemalan type can withstand temperatures to . It was likely a cross between Mexican and Guatemalan types. It is also very commonly used as a rootstock for nursery production, and is hardy to . It is a chance seedling of unknown parentage.'Pinkerton'First grown on the Pinkerton Ranch in Saticoy, California, in the early 1. Pinkerton' is a seedling of 'Hass' x 'Rincon'. The large fruit has a small seed, and its green skin deepens in color as it ripens. The thick flesh has a smooth, creamy texture, pale green color, good flavor, and high oil content. It shows some cold tolerance, to . A hybrid Guatemalan type, it has excellent peeling characteristics.'Reed'Developed from a chance seedling found in 1. James S. Reed in California, this cultivar has large, round, green fruit with a smooth texture and dark, thick, glossy skin. Smooth and delicate, the flesh has a slightly nutty flavor. The skin ripens green. A Guatemalan type, it is hardy to . Tree size is about 5 by 4 m (1. B cultivars'Bacon'Developed by a farmer, James Bacon, in 1. Bacon has medium- sized fruit with smooth, green skin with yellow- green, light- tasting flesh. When ripe, the skin remains green, but darkens slightly, and fruit yields to gentle pressure. It is cold- hardy down to . The variety was recognized for its cold- hardiness to . It is noted for its dark purple skin at maturity.'Ettinger'A Mexican/Guatemalan cross seedling of 'Fuerte', this cultivar originated in Israel, and was put into production there in 1. Mature trees tolerate four hours at . The fruit has a smooth, thin, green skin that does not peel easily. The flesh is very pale green. The creamy flesh of mild and rich flavor has 1. The skin ripens green. Tree size is 6 by 4 m (1. Monroe'A Guatemalan/West Indian cross that originated from a seedling grown in Homestead, Florida, on the property of J. J. L. Phillips, it was patented in 1. The fruit is large, averaging over 2 lb (0. Wilson being the first propagator). Scions were sent from Australia to Hawaii in 1. A medium- sized fruit with rough green skin, it closely resembles the 'Fuerte', but is slightly more oval in shape. The fruit has greenish- yellow flesh with a rich, nutty flavor and high oil content (2. The skin is green when ripe. It represents more than 5. Hawaii, and represents up to 2. New South Wales, Australia. It is a regular and moderate bearer with excellent quality fruit, but is sensitive to frost. Disease and pest resistance are superior to 'Fuerte'.'Zutano'Originated by R. L. Ruitt in Fallbrook in 1. Mexican variety is hardy to . The large, pear- shaped fruit has a shiny, thin, yellow- green skin that peels moderately easily. The flesh is pale green with fibers and has a light flavor. Other cultivars. Other avocado cultivars include 'Spinks'. Historically attested varieties (which may or may not survive among horticulturists) include the 'Challenge', 'Dickinson', 'Kist', 'Queen', 'Rey', 'Royal', 'Sharpless', and 'Taft'. Other major producers include Dominican Republic, Colombia, Peru and Indonesia, together totaling 1. The US government resisted, claiming the trade would introduce Tephritidae fruit flies that would destroy California's crops. Fruit and Vegetable Diet . Many people do not know about this easy to follow diet and those who do believe it is a vegan lifestyle and not one they are interested in pursuing. You may have to avoid some foods to prevent problems with your health. How long you will be able to follow this diet plan will depend on your weight and health so follow your doctor’s advice carefully. Fruit and Vegetable Diet. This diet is not saying never eat meat. The proteins and other nutrients in meat are needed to help our bodies stay healthy. Most people do not eat enough fruits and vegetables and our bodies need other vitamins and nutrients to ensure good health. Raw fruit is always the best choice for the nutritional value. If you have to change the way the fruit is served, cooked, baked or steamed is best, as boiling lowers the nutritional value. Juice does count as fruit, but it does not contain as much fiber, so eating the fruit itself is better for you. Like fruits, vegetables are best eaten raw and they tend to have fewer calories than fruits. They also contain complex carbohydrates that our bodies do not convert as easily as sugar so you will feel full longer. The table below manifests the best fruits and vegetables which can be included in your fruit and vegetable diet. Fruits. The best choices: Blueberries, strawberries, oranges, grapefruit, cantaloupe, apples (green have less sugar), cranberries (including cranberry juice), pears, boysenberries, papaya, blackberries, guava. Those should be eaten less frequently because of sugar content: Bananas, grapes, dates, coconut, dried Fruit, canned and processed fruit. Vegetables. Carrots, broccoli, celery, green beans, mushrooms, turnip greens, tomato, artichokes, cabbage, collard greens, onions, lettuce, alfalfa sprouts, zucchini, leeks, turnips, Brussels Sprouts, eggplant, scallions, spinach, kale, okra, summer squash. Fruit and Vegetable Diet Plan. Going on a fruit and vegetable diet plan can help you lose weight, but lean meat can be included if you want it. If you want to try only fruits and vegetables, use this diet for 6 months then choose one helping of lean meat a day. By reintroducing meat slowly, you can keep from putting the weight back on and readjust to eating meat. To lose weight properly, you need to eat several small meals a day to keep your metabolism working at its best all day. You cannot lose weight if your metabolism slows down because of hunger. Exercise is also needed to lose weight and maintain that weight loss. Meal. Time and Recipe. Meal 1. Time: Breakfast. Recipe: 2 eggs (whites only, boiled), 1 slice of brown bread and 1 cup of green tea or black coffee. Meal 2. Time: Two hours after breakfast. Recipe: Non- fat yogurt with your choice of fruit. Meal 3. Time: One hour later (lunch)Recipe: Egg salad with boiled whites and vegetables of your choice. Meal 4. Time: Two hours after lunch. Recipe: An apple, with the skin. Meal 5. Time: Two hours later. Recipe: A small bowl of cherries. Meal 6. Time: Between 7: 3. PM – the last meal. Recipe: Brown bread sandwich with vegetables. You can lose weight quickly if you take this fruit and vegetable diet seriously. Always use non- fat add- ons when choosing a fruit or vegetable salad and limit dairy products. Make sure to drink plenty of water and eat nothing after 8: 0. PM. Exercise is also needed to help lose weight. The most common carotenoids in North American diets are . In contrast, no vitamin A activity can be derived from lutein, zeaxanthin, and lycopene. To date, most small- scale intervention studies found little- to- no benefit of lycopene supplements in reducing incidence or severity of prostate cancer in high- risk patients. Randomized controlled trials found that lutein and zeaxanthin supplements could improve visual acuity and slow the progression to advanced AMD in subjects with AMD. These richly colored molecules are the sources of the yellow, orange, and red colors of many plants. Fruit and vegetables provide most of the 4. Lutein, zeaxanthin, and lycopene are nonprovitamin A carotenoids because they cannot be converted to retinol (Figure 2). Absorption, Metabolism, and Bioavailability. For dietary carotenoids to be absorbed intestinally, they must be released from the food matrix and incorporated into mixed micelles (mixtures of bile salts and several types of lipids). Food processing and cooking help release carotenoids embedded in their food matrix and increase intestinal absorption (1). Moreover, carotenoid absorption requires the presence of fat in a meal. As little as 3 to 5 g of fat in a meal appears sufficient to ensure carotenoid absorption (2, 3), although the minimum amount of dietary fat required may be different for each carotenoid. The type of fat (e. Because they do not need to be released from the plant matrix, carotenoid supplements (in oil) are more efficiently absorbed than carotenoids in food (3). Although carotenoids were initially thought to be absorbed within the cells that line the intestine (enterocytes) only by passive diffusion, recent investigations identified the apical membrane transporters, Scavenger Receptor- class B type I (SR- BI) and Cluster Determinant 3. CD3. 6), suggesting active uptake of carotenoids as well (5). Within the enterocytes, provitamin A carotenoids may be cleaved by either . BCO1 catalyzes the cleavage of provitamin A carotenoids into retinal, which is further reduced to retinol (vitamin A) or oxidized to retinoic acid (the biologically active form of vitamin A). Although provitamin A carotenoids can be converted into apocarotenals by BCO2, the activity of this enzyme is higher toward nonprovitamin A carotenoids. Conversely, BCO1 shows limited affinity toward nonprovitamin A carotenoids (1). Within the enterocytes, uncleaved carotenoids and retinyl esters (derived from retinol) are incorporated into triglyceride- rich lipoproteins called chylomicrons, secreted into lymphatic vessels, and then released in the bloodstream (1). Triglycerides are depleted from circulating chylomicrons through the activity of an enzyme called lipoprotein lipase, resulting in the formation of chylomicron remnants. Chylomicron remnants are taken up by the liver, where carotenoids can be cleaved by BCO1/BCO2 or incorporated into lipoproteins and secreted back into the circulation for delivery to extrahepatic tissues. Of note, more hydrophilic molecules in the enterocytes like retinoic acid and apocarotenals can be transported directly to the liver through the portal blood system. The conversion of provitamin A carotenoids to retinol is influenced by the vitamin A status of the individual (6). The regulatory mechanism involving the intestine- specific homeobox (ISX) transcription factor can block carotenoid uptake and vitamin A production by inhibiting the expression of SR- BI and BCO1. ISX is under the control of retinoid acid and retinoic acid receptor (RAR)- dependent mechanisms such that, when vitamin A stores are high, ISX is activated and both provitamin A carotenoid absorption and conversion to retinol are inhibited. Conversely, during vitamin A insufficiency, the expression of both SR- BI and BCO1 is no longer repressed by ISX, allowing for provitamin A carotenoid absorption and conversion to retinol (1). Interindividual variations in blood and tissue concentrations of carotenoids have been attributed to genetic differences among individuals. Specifically, a number of single nucleotidepolymorphisms (SNPs) — corresponding to changes of one nucleotide in the sequence of genes — have been identified in genes coding for proteins involved in intestinal uptake, transport, and metabolism of carotenoids (7). Specifically, SNPs within genes coding for SR- BI, CD3. BCO1 are suspected to affect the expression and/or activity of these proteins and, in turn, individual carotenoid status (7). Biological Activities. Provitamin A function. Vitamin A is essential for normal growth and development, immune system function, and vision (see the article on Vitamin A). Currently, the only essential function of carotenoids recognized in humans is that of the provitamin A carotenoids, . The efficiency of conversion of provitamin A carotenoids into retinol is highly variable, depending on factors like food matrix, food preparation, and one’s digestive and absorptive capacities (9). The most recent international standard of measure for vitamin A is retinol activity equivalent (RAE), which represents vitamin A activity as retinol. It has been determined that 2 micrograms (. Other provitamin A carotenoids in food are less easily absorbed than . RAE ratios are shown in Table 1. Table 1. Retinol Activity Equivalent (RAE) Ratios for Preformed Vitamin A and Provitamin A Carotenoids. Quantity Consumed. Quantity Bioconverted to Retinol. RAE Ratio. 1 . Test tube studies indicated that lycopene is one of the most effective quenchers of singlet oxygen among carotenoids (1. They also suggested that carotenoids could inhibit the oxidation of fats (i. Although important for plants, the relevance of singlet oxygen quenching to human health is less clear (1). Nrf. 2- dependent antioxidant pathway. Some evidence suggests that carotenoids and/or their metabolites may upregulate the expression of antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes via the activation of the nuclear factor E2- related factor 2 (Nrf. Briefly, Nrf. 2 is a transcription factor that is bound to the protein Kelch- like ECH- associated protein 1 (Keap. Keap. 1 responds to oxidative stress signals by freeing Nrf. Upon release, Nrf. ARE) located in the promoter of genes coding for antioxidant/detoxifying enzymes and scavengers. Nrf. 2/ARE- dependent genes code for numerous mediators of the antioxidant response, including glutamate- cysteine ligase (GCL), glutathione S- transferases (GSTs), thioredoxin, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO- 1), and heme oxygenase 1 (HO- 1) (1. A recent study showed an increase in the level of the major antioxidant glutathione and a protection against TNF. Nrf. 2 activation by lycopene also protected RPE against TNF. Lycopene was shown to trigger Nrf. At present, evidence from animal and human studies is very limited (1. Blue light filtering. The long system of alternating double and single bonds common to all carotenoids allows them to absorb light in the visible range of the spectrum (1. This feature has particular relevance to the eye, where lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso- zeaxanthin (derived from lutein) efficiently absorb blue light. Depending on the carotenoid pigment density at the center of the eye’s retina (macula), up to 9. Reducing the amount of short- wavelength light that reaches the critical visual structures of the eye may protect them from light- induced oxidative damage(1. Because the only source of these plant pigments in the eye is diet, a number of observational and intervention studies have examined the potential of dietary and supplemental lutein and zeaxanthin to protect against age- related eye diseases (see Age- related macular degeneration and Cataracts). Supplemental lutein, alone or with zeaxanthin, was found to improve contrast sensitivity and protect against visual fatigue in young and/or healthy individuals (2. Lutein has also been suggested to improve visual function through stimulating neuronal signaling efficiency in the eye (2. Intercellular communication. Carotenoids can facilitate communication between neighboring cells grown in culture by stimulating the synthesis of connexin proteins(2. Connexins form pores (gap junctions) in cell membranes, allowing cells to communicate through the exchange of small molecules. This type of intercellular communication is important for maintaining cells in a differentiated state and is often lost in cancer cells. Carotenoids facilitate intercellular communication by increasing the expression of the gene encoding a connexin protein, an effect that appears unrelated to the vitamin A or antioxidant activities of various carotenoids (2. RAR)- independent mechanism (2. Immune function. Because vitamin A is essential for normal immune system function, it is difficult to determine whether the effects of provitamin A carotenoids are related to their vitamin A activity or other activities of carotenoids. Although some clinical trials have found that . After reviewing the published scientific research in 2. Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine concluded that the existing evidence was insufficient to establish a recommended dietary allowance (RDA) or adequate intake (AI) for carotenoids. The Board has set an RDA for vitamin A (see the article on Vitamin A). Recommendations by the National Cancer Institute, American Cancer Society, and American Heart Association to consume a variety of fruit and vegetables daily are aimed, in part, at increasing intakes of carotenoids. Disease Prevention. Cancer. Lung cancer. Dietary carotenoids: Several large prospective cohort studies, including the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) and the Health Professionals Follow- up Study (HPFS), have examined potential associations between carotenoid intake and/or blood concentrations and lung cancer(3. In a meta- analysis of eight prospective cohort studies, including NHS and HPFS, the highest versus lowest quantile of total carotenoid intake was significantly associated with a 2. For the individual carotenoids, the risk of lung cancer was estimated to be 2. Ways To Reverse A Fatty Liver – Liver Doctor. Fatty liver occurs when excess fat accumulates inside liver cells. The fat starts to invade the liver, gradually infiltrating the healthy liver areas, so that less and less healthy liver tissue remains. The fatty liver has a yellow greasy appearance and is often enlarged and swollen with fat. Fatty liver is now recognised as the most common cause of abnormal liver function test results in the USA, UK and Australia. Around one in five people in the general population, in the USA and Australia has a fatty liver. Most people with a fatty liver feel generally unwell, and find they are becoming increasingly fatigued and overweight for no apparent reason. Possible symptoms of fatty liver include: Weight excess in the abdominal area. Elevated cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Tiredness and fatigue. Nausea. Gallstones. Overheating of the body. Excessive sweating. Red itchy eyes. Fatty liver is diagnosed with a blood test and liver ultrasound. Luckily fatty liver is reversible. Eat less carbohydrate. Poor diet is the leading cause of fatty liver disease. Drink less alcohol. Excess alcohol consumption is the second biggest cause of fatty liver. Eat more vegetables, protein and the right fats. Raw vegetables and fruits are the most powerful liver healing foods. These raw foods help to cleanse and repair the liver filter, so that it can trap and remove more fat and toxins from the bloodstream. Eat an abundance of vegetables (cooked and raw salads). Protein is important because it helps to keep the blood sugar level stable, helps with weight loss from the abdomen and reduces hunger and cravings. Drink raw vegetable juices. Raw juices are an excellent source of highly concentrated vitamins, minerals and antioxidants. Take a good liver tonic. Choose a liver tonic that combines the clinically proven dose of St Mary. If you have a fatty liver you need more of it. N- acetyl cysteine is a precursor of glutathione and is known to raise blood levels powerfully. Eating sulfur rich foods also helps with glutathione; examples include eggs, cabbage, broccoli and garlic. The above statements have not been evaluated by the FDA and are not intended to diagnose, treat or cure any disease.
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